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zhǐ lù wéi mǎ
成 语：指 鹿 为 马
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【解释】：指着鹿，说是马。比喻故意颠倒黑白，混淆是非。
【出处】：《史记·秦始皇本纪》：“赵高欲为乱，恐群臣不听，乃先设验，持鹿献于二世，曰：‘马也。’二世笑曰：‘丞相误邪？谓鹿为马。’问左右，左右或默，或言马以阿顺赵高。或言鹿者。高因阴中诸言鹿者以法。后群臣皆畏高。”
【示例】：东床已招佳婿，何似以羊易牛；西邻纵有责言，终难～。◎明·冯梦龙《醒世恒言》卷七
【近义词】：混淆是非、颠倒黑白
【反义词】：是非分明
【语法】：兼语式；作谓语、宾语、定语；含贬义
【历史典故】秦二世时，丞相赵高野心勃勃，日夜盘算着要篡夺皇位。可朝中大臣有多少人能听他摆布，有多少人反对他，他心中没底。于是，他想了一个办法，准备试一试自己的威信，同时也可以摸清敢于反对他的人。
一天上朝时，赵高让人牵来一只鹿，满脸堆笑地对秦二世说：“陛下，我献给您一匹好马。”秦二世一看，心想：这哪里是马，这分明是一只鹿嘛！便笑着对赵高说：“丞相搞错了，这里是一只鹿，你怎么说是马呢？”赵高面不改色心不跳地说：“请陛下看清楚了，这的的确确是一匹千里好马。”秦二世又看了看那只鹿，将信将疑地说：“马的头上怎么会长角呢？”赵高一看时机到了，转过身，用手指着众大臣们，大声说：“陛下如果不信我的话，可以问问众位大臣。”
大臣们都被赵高的一派胡言搞得不知所措，私下里嘀咕：这个赵高搞什么名堂？是鹿是马这不是明摆着吗！当看到赵高脸上露出阴险的笑容，两只眼睛骨碌碌轮流地盯着每个人的时候，大臣们忽然明白了他的用意。
一些胆小又有正义感的人都低下头，不敢说话，因为说假话，对不起自己的良心，说真话又怕日后被赵高所害。有些正直的人，坚持认为是鹿而不是马。还有一些平时就紧跟赵高的奸佞之人立刻表示拥护赵高的说法，对皇上说，“这确是一匹千里马！”
事后，赵高通过各种手段把那些不顺从自己的正直大臣纷纷治罪，甚至满门抄斩。
故事出自《史记·秦始皇本纪》。成语“指鹿为马”比喻故意颠倒是非，混淆黑白。
【汉英对照】
Point at a deer and call it a horse
公元前２０９年，中国第一位皇帝秦始皇驾崩。他死后不久，一名奸诈的太监赵高，诱使秦始皇的幼子胡亥杀了长兄――皇位的继承人，并帮助他成为了皇帝。不久，为了巩固他的皇位，在赵高的建议下，年轻的皇帝杀了他其他十二个兄弟和十个姐妹。然后，赵高耍阴谋杀死了宰相，夺走了他的官位。
年幼的皇帝胡亥是个头脑糊涂，没有才能的统治者。所以赵高能够为所欲为。他的野心越来越大，最后甚至密谋要篡夺皇位。但他唯恐其他大臣不会服从他。为了试探大臣们是否对他忠心，一天，赵高送给皇帝一头阉割过的公鹿，故意说这是匹马。
“你是在开玩笑吧？”，年幼的皇帝笑道，“你把鹿说成了马！”
赵高坚持说这是匹马。然后，他问其他大臣的看法。他用恐吓的语气问道：“我说了这是匹马，你们说呢？”
有的大臣害怕遭到赵高的迫害，于是保持沉默。有的说是以讨好赵高。但也有说真话的正直的大臣。最终，所有说真话的大臣都遭到了赵高的迫害。
成语“指鹿为马”就是从这个故事来的。我们用它来形容那些故意颠倒是非的人。
China's first emperor Qin Shihuang died in 209 BC. Shortly after his death, a treacherous eunuch named Zhao Gao enticed Huhai, the emperor's youngest son, to kill his oldest brother, the successor to the throne, and helped him to become emperor. Later the young emperor killed all his remaining 12 brothers and ten sisters on the suggestion of Zhao Gao in order to consolidate his position. After that, Zhao Gao, through intrigue killed the prime minister and took over his post.
The young emperor Huhai was a muddle-headed and incompetent ruler. Zhao Gao could do whatever he liked. He became so ambitious that he finally plotted to usurp the throne. But he was afraid that the other court officials wouldn't obey him. To test whether or not they were loyal to him, Zhao Gao presented a stag to the young emperor one day and deliberately said it was a horse.
"Are you kidding?" the young emperor laughed. "You're calling a stag a horse!"
Zhao Gao insisted that it was a horse. He then asked the other officials ' opinion. He said, in a threatening tone, "I said it was a horse. What would you say?"
Some officials kept silent because they were afraid of being persecuted by Zhao Gao. Some said yes just to flatter him. But there were upright officials who spoke the truth. In the end, none of these officials could escape persecution by Zhao Gao.
This story later condensed into the idiom "Point at a deer and call it a horse". We use it to describe someone who confuses right and wrong deliberately.
皇帝 emperor .......... 奸诈 treacherous ...... 太监 eunuch
继承人 successor ..... 巩固 consolidate........ 篡夺 usurp
迫害 persecute......... 故意 deliberately
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009 指鹿为马
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